“Now if their trespass means riches for the world, and if their failure means riches for the Gentiles, how much more will their full inclusion mean!” -Romans 11:12
Using an argument from the lesser, Paul clarifies that he doe not mean that the salvation of the Gentiles depended on the ruin of the Jews. Far be it from that. It is how God worked providentially, that is he worked good out of evil contrary to the natural order of things. But how much more will the world be blessed when its redemption is worked out according the the natural order of things?
If the trespass and failure of the Jews meant riches for the world, particularly riches for the Gentiles in terms of gospel blessings, how much more will the world be enriched by the full inclusion of the Jews?
Further, and contrary to some evangelical theology (i.e., John Murray), it doesn’t appear Paul is suggesting this will only happen at the close of human history. As William Hendriksen points out, “[Paul’s] words “their fulness” pertain to the salvation not of a physical unit, “the people of Israel”; but of the sum of all Israel’s remnants.”
In other words, the fullness of Israel will grow out of the remnant. Paul is not suggesting there will be a singular event that happens all at once at the end of the age. See Romans 11:1–7 Cf. Romans 11:26.
“I ask, then, has God rejected his people? By no means! For I myself am an Israelite, a descendant of Abraham, a member of the tribe of Benjamin. God has not rejected his people whom he foreknew. Do you not know what the Scripture says of Elijah, how he appeals to God against Israel? “Lord, they have killed your prophets, they have demolished your altars, and I alone am left, and they seek my life.” But what is God’s reply to him? “I have kept for myself seven thousand men who have not bowed the knee to Baal.” So too at the present time there is a remnant, chosen by grace. But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works; otherwise grace would no longer be grace. What then? Israel failed to obtain what it was seeking. The elect obtained it, but the rest were hardened,” -Romans 11:1–7
“And in this way all Israel will be saved, as it is written, “The Deliverer will come from Zion, he will banish ungodliness from Jacob”;” -Romans 11:26
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